Diagnosis of chronic renal failure:

CRF early, in addition to the quality of nitrogen sanguine disease, but often no clinical symptoms, but only showed symptoms of the underlying disease, the progression of the disease to the residual renal unit can not be adjusted to adapt to the body's minimum requirements will be gradually shown symptoms of uremia come out. Mainly as metabolites retention, water, electrolyte and acid-base balance and various system involvement. details as follows:

(1) water, electrolyte and acid-base balance as follows:
① sodium and water balance disorders: When excessive intake amount of sodium and water, causing fluid overload, edema, hypertension and heart failure, appears dilution hyponatremia. CRF rarely hypernatremia. When there is loss of body fluids (vomiting, diarrhea), prone to hypovolemia, resulting in orthostatic hypotension and cited residual renal function deterioration.
② potassium imbalance: uremia have a tendency hyperkalemia, acidosis, transfusion of banked blood or excessive potassium intake, the use of potassium-sparing diuretics may aggravate hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can cause severe arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest, some patients have muscle weakness or paralysis. ECG monitoring for hyperkalemia fast and accurate, showed T wave height and sharp, P? R interval prolongation and QRS wave widened. When CRF hypokalemia is rare, occurring mainly in the underlying disease is tubular? Interstitial diseases. ③ acidosis: acidic substances due to renal excretion barriers to retention of uremic acidosis is the most common cause of death.
④ hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia: hypocalcemia symptoms generally do not appear, when using basic drugs to correct acid poisoning, caused by the reduced free calcium tetany. Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism, causing bone demineralization (osteoporosis), osteomalacia, osteitis go far renal osteodystrophy.
⑤ hypermagnesemia: reduction caused by renal excretion of magnesium.

(2) various symptoms
① cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms: high blood pressure, heart failure (which is one of the common causes of death), pericarditis, atherosclerosis (coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death), uremia pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy.
② blood system performance: anemia, bleeding tendencies and abnormal white blood cells.
③ nerve, muscle symptoms: fatigue, insomnia, lack of concentration is one of the early symptoms of CRF.
④ gastrointestinal symptoms: loss of appetite for the CRF earliest and most common symptom.
⑤ skin symptoms: itching is a common symptom.
⑥ renal osteodystrophy.
⑦ endocrine disorders.
⑧ easy to concurrent infections: one of the main causes of death.
⑨ metabolic disorders: hypothermia, abnormal glucose metabolism, hyperuricemia, abnormal lipid metabolism.

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